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Thong weed seaweed isle of Coll Scotland Mark Kirkland

Meet the seaweed types

3 minute read

There are over 650 species of seaweed found around the UK and we’re on the lookout for 14 of them.

These 14 species were chosen because they're good indicator species – a species whose presence, absence or abundance reflects a specific environmental factor. Indicator species can mark a change in the condition of an ecosystem.

We've split the species into three groups to highlight the environmental change they indicate.

Rising sea temperature

UK sea temperatures have risen 2°C in the past 40 years. Research suggests that cold water seaweeds are moving further north where it's cooler, while the range of warm water species is expanding.

These are the species which may respond to temperature change:

Dabberlocks

Dabberlocks can be confused with Sugar kelp and Wakame. This long, brown seaweed has a distinct central midrib and wavy, wrinkled fronds. At the base, you might see long finger-like growths. Dabberlocks like the lower shore, closest to the sea.

Dabberlocks seaweed

Credit: Mike Guiry

Sugar kelp

Sugar kelp can be confused with Dabberlocks and Wakame. It's long, brown and wrinkly with a very thin stem and lacks an obvious central midrib. Sugar kelp is often farmed at sea and is used in cosmetics and animal feeds.

Sugar kelp seaweed

Credit: Keith Hiscock

Serrated wrack

This is a brown seaweed, but can sometimes be yellow or green in colour. As its name suggests, serrated wrack has sharp toothed edges on flattened fronds.

Serrated wrack seaweed

Credit: Keith Hiscock

Bladderwrack

This brown seaweed has paired air bladders (which look like bubbles). Air bladders help seaweeds float so they can reach the sunlight and photosynthesize at the ocean surface.

Bladderwrack seaweed

Credit: Lucy Robinson

Knotted wrack

Knotted wrack has narrow, strap-like fronds with large single air bladders. This species prefers the mid-shore and you might spot red seaweed species attached to it.

Knotted wrack seaweed

Credit: Juliet Brodie

Spiral wrack

As the name suggests, this species grows in a spiral. Instead of air bladders, spiral wrack has goo-filled bladders with a distinct rim around the edge.

Spiral wrack seaweed

Credit: Juliet Brodie

Channelled wrack

This brown seaweed has deep grooved channels in its fronds and the end of each branch is evenly forked. You're most likely to spot Channelled wrack on the upper shore.

Channelled wrack seaweed

Credit: Juliet Brodie

Thongweed

Thongweed has long, narrow straps with no air bladders and grows in large clumps. This species starts its life growing as a small button-like structure on the rocks.

Thongweed seaweed

Credit: Juliet Brodie

Non-native species

Non-native species are those that wouldn’t normally be found in the UK. They've found their way to our seas - mostly due to human activity - and settled here. They can outcompete other native species for food, light or space, forcing them to move or die out altogether.

Wireweed

Wireweed has long, stringy fronds covered in hundreds of tiny round air bladders. This species originates in Japanese waters and was first recorded in the UK in 1973.

Wireweed seaweed

Credit: Juliet Brodie

Wakame

This species is often confused with Dabberlocks and Sugar kelp. It has a distinct central midrib, but its base has a large frilly growth. Wakame was first recorded in the UK in 1994, where it arrived from the temperate waters of Japan, China and Korea.

Wakame seaweed

Credit: Juliet Brodie

Harpoon weed

Harpoon weed is sometimes confused with Coral weed. This small, red species has tiny harpoon-shaped structures along each branch. It originates in the Pacific and Indian oceans.

Harpoon weed seaweed

Credit: Keith Hiscock

Bonnemaison's hook weed

This small, red seaweed was first recorded in South West England in 1890 having been introduced from Japan. This species is soft to touch and has large, obvious curved hooks.

Bonnemaison's hook weed seaweed

Credit: Francis Bunker

Ocean acidification

The sea is becoming more acidic as it absorbs increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. Lots of ocean species, like seaweeds, struggle to grow in these conditions.

Coral weed

This species can be confused with Harpoon weed. Coral weed is made of tiny individual segments which are hard and gritty if rolled in between your fingers.

Coral weed seaweed

Credit: Jessica Wardlaw

Calcified crust

This unusual seaweed varies in colour from pink to white. Calcified crusts are often found on harder rocks and can be seen lining rockpools. You might spot ridges where neighbouring crusts meet.

Calcified crust seaweed

Credit: Juliet Brodie

What have you spotted?

Identifying seaweeds on the shore can be difficult. We've created this photograph ID guide to make it a bit easier. This guide only includes the 14 species which we're looking to record, but you might find other species on the beach, too. Keep your eyes peeled for the key ID features and take lots of pictures when you submit your survey.

Green Recovery Challenge Fund Logo

This project is funded by the Government's Green Recovery Challenge Fund. The fund was developed by Defra and its Arm's-Length Bodies. It is being delivered by The National Lottery Heritage Fund in partnership with Natural England, the Environment Agency and Forestry Commission.